eSignature law in India

Electronic signatures are legally binding in India under the Information Technology Act 2000.

Governing law: Information Technology Act 2000 (Sections 3, 3A, 5) (2000)

India recognized electronic signatures in 2000 under the Information Technology Act (IT Act), with the IT (Amendment) Act 2008 introducing the concept of "electronic signature" alongside "digital signature." The IT Act Sections 3 and 3A define two valid forms: digital signatures (using PKI from a Controller of Certifying Authorities licensed CA) and electronic signatures (any technique notified by the Central Government, including Aadhaar-eKYC-based signatures via the eSign service). The Indian Evidence Act 1872 (Section 65B) governs admissibility. Most B2B contracts in India are now signed electronically, with Aadhaar eSign being especially common for individual signers and DSC tokens for corporate signatories.

What makes an eSignature valid in India

Where eSignatures are not valid

FAQ

Are electronic signatures legal in India?

Yes. The IT Act 2000 grants electronic and digital signatures the same legal effect as handwritten signatures, except for a narrow list of excluded documents.

What is Aadhaar eSign?

Aadhaar eSign is the Indian government's electronic signature service that uses the signer's Aadhaar number + eKYC for identity verification, producing a legally valid digital signature without needing a physical DSC token.

Do I need a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) for Indian contracts?

Only for specific corporate filings (MCA, GST), tax returns above thresholds, and some tender submissions. Most commercial contracts work with non-DSC electronic signatures.

Is a PDF Verified signature valid in India?

Yes, for the broad category of commercial contracts. For high-formality use cases (corporate filings, tax returns), pair with a DSC or Aadhaar eSign on top of PDF Verified.