eSignature legality by country
Is an electronic signature legally binding in your country? Governing laws and validity requirements by jurisdiction.
Drop your document here and sign it now. PDF, Word and Excel all work: a .docx or .xlsx is laid out in your browser exactly as it was written, so there is nothing to convert first. Add a signature, a date, a company stamp or a watermark, then download it sealed. Free to start, no account, and the file is never uploaded to open it.
The legality of eSignatures is settled in most of the world and has been for two decades, so the useful question is rarely whether they are valid. It is which statute governs where you are, what that statute requires before a signature counts, and which categories of document it carves out. Deeds, wills, affidavits and land transfers are the usual exceptions, and they vary by country rather than following one rule.
Each page below names the governing act, what it requires, and the documents it excludes. None of it is legal advice, and where a document carries formalities, the local rule is the one that decides rather than a general article.
- United States, ESIGN Act (15 U.S.C. § 7001) + Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA)
- United Kingdom, Electronic Communications Act 2000 + UK eIDAS (Electronic Identification and Trust Services for Electronic Transactions Regulations 2016)
- European Union, Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 (eIDAS)
- Kenya, Kenya Information and Communications Act, 1998 (KICA) + Business Laws (Amendment) Act 2020
- Nigeria, Evidence Act 2011 + Nigerian Communications Act 2003
- India, Information Technology Act 2000 (Sections 3, 3A, 5)
- Australia, Electronic Transactions Act 1999 (Cth) + state ETAs
- Canada, PIPEDA Part 2 + Uniform Electronic Commerce Act (UECA) provincial enactments
- South Africa, Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 (ECT Act)
- United Arab Emirates, Federal Decree-Law No. 46 of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services
- Germany, EU eIDAS Regulation (No 910/2014) + German Civil Code (BGB) §126a + Trust Services Act (VDG)
- France, EU eIDAS Regulation (No 910/2014) + French Civil Code (Code civil) Art. 1366-1367
- Brazil, Provisional Measure (MP) 2.200-2/2001 (ICP-Brasil) + Law No. 14.063/2020
- Singapore, Electronic Transactions Act 2010 (ETA)
- Mexico, Código de Comercio (Title II, Electronic Commerce) + NOM-151-SCFI-2016 + Ley de Firma Electrónica Avanzada
- Japan, Act on Electronic Signatures and Certification Business (Act No. 102 of 2000, in force 2001)
- Ghana, Electronic Transactions Act 2008 (Act 772)
- Saudi Arabia, Electronic Transactions Law 2007 (Royal Decree No. M/18)
- Philippines, Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792)
- China, Electronic Signature Law of the People's Republic of China (2004, amended 2015, 2019)
- New Zealand, Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017 (Part 4), replacing the Electronic Transactions Act 2002
- Egypt, E-Signature Law No. 15 of 2004 (and its Executive Regulations)
- Spain, Ley 6/2020 reguladora de determinados aspectos de los servicios electrónicos de confianza, with EU Regulation 910/2014 (eIDAS)
- Netherlands, Burgerlijk Wetboek art. 3:15a, with the Uitvoeringswet eIDAS and EU Regulation 910/2014
- Ireland, Electronic Commerce Act 2000, with EU Regulation 910/2014 (eIDAS)
- Italy, Codice dell Amministrazione Digitale (D.Lgs. 82/2005), with EU Regulation 910/2014 (eIDAS)
- Poland, Ustawa o uslugach zaufania oraz identyfikacji elektronicznej (2016), with EU Regulation 910/2014 (eIDAS)
- Switzerland, Bundesgesetz uber die elektronische Signatur (ZertES, SR 943.03), with Code of Obligations art. 14 para. 2bis
- Malaysia, Electronic Commerce Act 2006 (Act 658) and Digital Signature Act 1997 (Act 562)
- Indonesia, Law No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (as amended by Law No. 19 of 2016), with Government Regulation No. 71 of 2019
- Vietnam, Law on Electronic Transactions No. 20/2023/QH15
- Argentina, Ley 25.506 de Firma Digital, with the Codigo Civil y Comercial arts. 286 and 288
- Colombia, Ley 527 de 1999, with Decreto 2364 de 2012 on firma electronica
- Tanzania, Electronic Transactions Act, No. 13 of 2015
What PDF Verified is, and what it is not
Electronic signature law is settled in broad terms and specific in the details. The ESIGN Act, UETA, eIDAS and their equivalents recognise electronic signatures across more than 190 countries, and what decides a particular case is intent to sign plus evidence connecting the signature to the signer, which is what the audit certificate records. Certain document types carry their own formalities wherever you are: deeds, wills, some property instruments, and anything requiring a witness or a notary. Sign only what you are authorised to sign, since applying another person signature without their authority is forgery whatever tool is used.
PDF Verified is a tool for preparing, signing, stamping and checking documents. It is not a law firm, a compliance service or a forensic examiner, and nothing here is legal, financial or compliance advice. Requirements differ by country, by document type and by the party asking, so check what applies to your document before you rely on it, and take advice where the document matters. You are responsible for the documents you create, sign and send, and for having the authority to do so: signing or stamping in somebody else name, or as an organisation you do not represent, is forgery whatever tool is used. To the extent the law allows, we accept no liability for how a document made with this tool is used or relied on. The full position is in our terms of service.